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Syntactic movement is the means by which some theories of syntax address discontinuities. Movement was first postulated by structuralist linguists who expressed it in terms of ''discontinuous constituents'' or ''displacement''.〔Concerning the terminology of movement, see Graffi (2001).〕 Certain constituents appear to have been displaced from the position where they receive important features of interpretation.〔 Concerning the interpretation of features as the motivation for movement, see Carnie (2013:393ff.).〕 The concept of movement is controversial; it is associated with so-called ''transformational'' or ''derivational'' theories of syntax (e.g. transformational grammar, government and binding theory, minimalist program). Representational theories (e.g. head-driven phrase structure grammar, lexical functional grammar, construction grammar, and most dependency grammars), in contrast, reject the notion of movement, often addressing discontinuities in terms of feature passing or persistent structural identities〔 In their seminal (and eponymous) exposition of HPSG (1992), Pollard and Sag especially emphasize how graph reentrancies--or "coreferencing"--in the typed feature structures of (e.g.) unification-based grammars are fully sufficient with regard to replacing the role of movement/trace mechanisms.〕 instead. ==Examples== Movement is the traditional "transformational" means of overcoming the discontinuities associated with wh-fronting, topicalization, extraposition, scrambling, inversion, and shifting, e.g.〔 See for instance Roberts (1997:35f.) and Haegeman and Guéron (1999:32) for an introduction to the concept of movement.〕 ::a. John has told Peter that Mary likes the first story. ::b. Which story has John told Peter that Mary likes ___? - Wh-fronting ::a. We want to hear that one story again. ::b. That one story we want to hear ___ again. - Topicalization ::a. Something that we weren't expecting occurred. ::b. Something ___ occurred that we weren't expecting. - Extraposition ::a. You will understand. ::b. Will you ___ understand? - Inversion ::a. She took off her hat. ::b. She took her hat off ___. - Shifting The a-sentences show canonical word order, and the b-sentences illustrate the result of movement. Bold script marks the expression that is moved, and the blanks mark the positions out of which movement is assumed to have occurred. Each time, movement takes place in order to focus or emphasize the expression in bold. For instance, the constituent ''which story'' in the first b-sentence is the object of the transitive verb ''likes'', the canonical position of an object being immediately to the right of the verb. By fronting the object as a wh-expression, it becomes the focus of communication. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「syntactic movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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